This study examined the determinants of green agricultural efficiency in Nigeria using annual data for 1970–2025. Green efficiency was estimated using DEA-based Malmquist–Luenberger productivity indices, while ARDL examined short- run and long-run determinants. Green efficiency averaged 0.957 and fluctuated considerably, improving after 2014. GDP per capita had a positive and significant long-run effect, while trade openness had a negative significant effect. Inflation, exchange rate, temperature change and agricultural expenditure were insignificant in the long run. The findings underscore the importance of productivity-enhancing investment and environmentally sustainable agricultural policies.
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