JAEQM

Seed dormancy and irregular germination limit the propagation of tropical forest species such as Spondias mombin. This study examined the interactive effects of nanoparticle type, concentration, and exposure duration on seed germination. A 4×3×3 factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Germination data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability. Germination was lowest at 24 h but increased substantially at 48 and 72 h. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at 30% concentration for 72 h produced the highest germination (73.13%), followed by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at the same concentration and duration (53.63%). H₂SO₄ promoted early germination, while water caused delayed and lower germination. Germination generally increased with nanoparticle concentration. The study concludes that ZnONP priming, particularly at 30% for 72 h, enhances S. mombin germination.

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